ABSTRACT
Introduction: The word placenta comes from Latin - flat cake and Greek -”Plakous” which means “flat, slab like.”Only eutherian mammals possess placenta. The human placenta is discoid, hemochorial and deciduate whichfunctions as a fetomaternal organ. It is developed from chorion frondosum & decidua basalis. Abnormalities inthe development and site of insertion of the umbilical cord can affect maternal and fetal well-being. The umbilicalcord is usually attached near the centre of the placenta. The various types of umbilical cord attachment into theplacenta are: central, eccentric, battledore (marginal), velamentous (membranous) and furcate. Hence knowledgeabout the variations in the placental attachment of umbilical cord is important for clinicians.Aims and Objectives: The present study is undertaken to study various types of placental attachment of umbilicalcord.Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 10% formalin fixed 100 normal human placenta collectedfrom department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cheluvamba Hospital for children & women, Mysore medicalcollege and research institute, Mysuru, Karnataka. The study was carried out in department of Anatomy, MMC&RI,Mysuru. Study of various types of placental attachment of umbilical cord was done by naked eye observation.The data obtained was tabulated & statistically analysed.Observations and Results: Out of 100 placenta observed 68 placenta had central attachment of umbilical cord,16 placenta had eccentric attachment, 12 placenta had battledore (marginal) attachment and 04 placenta hadmembranous (velamentous) attachment.Conclusion: Variation in the placental attachment of umbilical cord is associated with various congenitalanomalies. Therefore early prenatal ultrasonographic identification of anomalies helps in reducing risk inmaternal and perinatal outcome.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The atlas, the first cervical vertebra, supports the head. It is unique in that it fails to incorporate acentrum. Because it supports the skull, it was named after Atlas who, according to Greek mythology, supportedthe earth on his shoulders. Frequently bony spurs arise from the anterior and posterior margins of the groove forthe vertebral artery. These are sometimes referred to as Ponticles, and they occasionally convert the groove intoa foramen. More often the foramen is incomplete superiorly. Arcuate foramen also known as ponticulus posticus(Latin for “little posterior bridge”).Aims and Objectives: To study the proportion and various types of ponticuli.Materials and methods: Present study was conducted on 100 adult human atlas vertebrae, collected from thedepartment of Anatomy, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysuru.Observations and Results: Out of 100 atlas vertebrae examined, 20 atlas vertebrae showed ponticuli of varioustypes. 27 Ponticuli was observed in twenty (20) atlas vertebra as follows: a) Ponticulus posticus -15. b) Ponticuluslateralis -07. c) Ponticulus posterolateral -05. d) Complete Ponticulus -11. e) Incomplete Ponticulus -16.e) Bilateral Ponticulus -07. f) Unilateral Ponticulus -13. g) Right side -17 and Left side -10.Conclusion: Proper identification of this anomaly on preoperative lateral radiographs should alert the surgeonto avoid using the ponticulus as a starting point for a lateral mass screw in order to not injure the vertebralartery. It is also useful to surgeons who face regularly the patients complaining about the symptoms ofvertebrobasilar insufficiency like headache, vertigo, migraine.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Sacrum is an important bone for identification of sex in human skeletal system, because the bonesof the body are the lasts to perish after death, next to the enamel of teeth. For sex determination of human skeletalremains, sacrum always captured the attention of forensic science experts and anthropologists. Sex determinationof a skeleton is a problem of concern to Paleoanthropologists, Paledemographers and Anatomists.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 100 fully ossified adult human sacra of known sex(50 male and 50 female), obtained from department of Anatomy, Mysore medical college and research institute,Mysore. Damaged, mutilated, deformed and anomalous sacra were excluded from the study. Sacral index wasmeasured by measuring the length and breadth of individual sacrum with the help of sliding vernier callipers.Observations and Results: The mean maximum length of the sacrum was greater in males (102.68 mm) than infemales (91.11mm), and this difference was found statistically significant. But the difference was not significantfor mean maximum sacral breadth in male (103.80 mm) and in female (105.57 mm). Mean sacral index infemales was greater (116.18%) as compared to that in males (101.26%) and this difference was found statisticallysignificant.Conclusion: The present study showed a significant difference among the average male & female sacral indexesand considers sacral index as a valuable parameter in identification of sex. The male & female sacra areclassified under (Dolichohieric & Hyplatyhieric) and Platyhieric group respectively. Hence, it can be concludedthat sacral index is a reliable criterion for differention between sexes of sacrum that is useful for Anatomists,Anthropologists & Forensic experts.
ABSTRACT
Background: The sacral hiatus is the site for caudal epidural anaesthesia during perineal surgery and also for a painless delivery. It is also used for three dimensional colour visualization of lumbosacral epidural space in orthopaedic practice for diagnosis and treatment. Sacrum is one of the bones which exhibit variations. Therefore the importance of the normal sacral hiatus and its variations is of great clinical significance. The reliability of caudal epidural anaesthesia is 70% - 80% in the literatures. The objective of the study was to examine, measure and record the morphometry of sacral hiatus under the following headings in order to study the anatomical variations which would be useful for caudal epidural anaesthesia and improve the reliability of the same. a) Shape of sacral hiatus, b) level of apex, c) level of base, d) length of the sacral hiatus, e) transverse width at the base, and f) anteroposterior depth at the apex. Methods: A total of 200 dry, complete, undamaged human sacra of unknown sex were used in this study. Measurements were taken using vernier calipers. In this study six parameters were taken. All the readings were tabulated and subjected to analysis. Results: Various shapes of sacral hiatus were observed which included Inverted-U (50%), Inverted-V (27.5%), Irregular (15.5%), Dumb bell (2%), and Bifid (2%). The mean anteroposterior depth of sacral canal at the level of apex of sacral hiatus was 4.25mm. The mean length of sacral hiatus was 19.63 mm and the mean transverse width of sacral hiatus at the level of base was 11.42 mm. There was complete spina bifida in 4 (2%) and absence of sacral hiatus in 2 (1%) cases. Conclusion: The sacral hiatus has anatomical variations. Understanding of these variations may improve the reliability of caudal epidural anaesthesia.